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Book beginning: page 3

How the novel is written

• Stephen very rarely relates an issue directly, he usually opts for poetic expression to maximise description.
• Sometimes, for the reader, it is hard to follow Stephen’s thoughts as he jumps back and forth in time through memories (p51).
• To a certain extent this is a novel in the “simplest epical form” according to what Stephen describes one as: “when the artist prolongs and broods upon himself as the centre of an epic event” (p165).

The novel

• As Stephen grows older, the ideas presented grow in complexity as does the his expression.
• The novel goes from baby language and family members who are looked up to, to almost solely relationships with people his own age and of similar rank, no matter their future prospects.
• The novel sets the scene in preparation for Stephen's future journey which is something he always showed enthusiasm for. His earliest adventures were when he played with his friends in the park (p47).
• There are no weak arguments or ideas written into the book, it seems only the theories to make Stephen look good are included.
• The reader does not really get to love any of the other characters and see their stories completed, as they pop in and out of Stephen’s life and therefore the novel.

Language and writing

• Stephen loved poetry and books in general (p17, 18).
• Stephen is one of the few that can make money from writing (p73).
• Stephen wanted to feel the passion of the written word, not mindlessly preach the same thing over and over again that is never subject to change (p123).
• Most of the students’ lives appear to be spent in English, on the odd occasion it is pointed out that they are speaking in Irish (p181).
• In one of his conversations with the rector, Stephen says: “the language in which we are speaking is [the convert priest’s] before it is mine. […] His language, so familiar and so foreign, will always be for me an acquired speech” (p146). However, he does not say this because he (Stephen) actually speaks Irish or ever takes the trouble to learn it, much to the dismay and frustration of Davin (p156).
• Stephen takes apart language and puts it together again, like a mechanic to a car (p164).
• Stephen values language above all else (p188).
• Writing is an emotional outlet for Stephen (p193).

Philosophical points

• Everything is a part of something bigger (p9).
• Poetry must be read in its intended order to be beautiful (p10).
• There is always more to worry about, not necessarily a different problem, but the same one on a higher level. Such is the case with God’s Particular judgement upon an individual dying, and then His general judgement of mankind (p86).
• In this world, nothing is forever, neither the good nor the bad (p100).
• When Stephen is told by the priest that his sin of impurity “[is terrible]. It kills the body and it kills the soul. It is the cause of many crimes and misfortunes. […] It is dishonourable and unmanly. You cannot know where that wretched habit will lead you” (p110/11), it is true whether you are religious or not. Even turning away from Christianity, this would be sound advice to follow.

Facts of life

• Stephen did not have to be genuine to lead a group of boys (p80).
• Sometimes in life you just need to take a moment and contemplate what you are doing (p84).

Religion

• To be a priest meant never to change or progress (p15).
• There is a lot of strict punishment in the educational system but it does not feel as though the students refrain from doing anything they want to do, not until punishment of eternal damnation becomes an issue (p32).
• Stephen knew he could not lie in prayers to God, that it would not help absolve him (p79).
• If a person sins and then rushes to the place that declares it a sin, they are bound to be met with pity and damnation (p80).
• You can deceive another man but not God (p86).
• Every decision you make in life counts and you are somewhat free to make them, but once you die, things are out of your hands (p87).
• Religion is as certain as death (p87).
• The rector says “let that thought be ever before our minds and then we cannot sin” (p87), which is to live forever afraid in this life of the next.
• As long as there is time you can still sin and repent. However, Hell knows no time, and no repentance, it is for all eternity (p95).
• Life can all be over at any time (p95).
• The entire religious system works on fear (p96).
• As previously stated, time is endless in the afterlife which is a concept humans cannot grasp (p101).
• There is nothing you cannot come back from in this life, if you honestly repent (p103).
• Some are not beautiful in this life but they will be in the next (p108).
• People went in and out one after the other to confess, showing how much sin there is in the world (p109).
• There is no other that possesses the powers of the priests, only the Almighty God is above them (p121).
• To be a part of the Christian religion gave security to life (p128).

Characters in Christianity

• It is hard to say which Stephen feared more as a child: this life where “the gas would go down” or the next where he might go to hell (p12).
• Dante is a blind follower of the Christian religion, believing it should dominate all aspects of a good Catholic’s life (p24).
• Religion literally smells bad to Stephen (p79).
• It is a very effective retreat that Belvedere offers its students. Stephen felt no remorse about his sins but one day of listening to the rector and he is dying again like he was at Clongowes (p16, 86).
• When Stephen turned away from religion he knew in detail the possible punishment that awaited him (p98).
• Stephen is thoroughly repentant, and when he reaches his room he thinks death could literally be waiting there for him in some kind of shadowy figure (p104).
• Stephen feels as though he receives God’s warnings (p106).
• A religious calling was a solitary thing for Stephen (p122).
• Religion just makes Stephen feel bad (p130).
• Eventually Stephen is not the only one questioning the Christian religion, Temple also debates the concepts of Hell and Limbo (p182).
• It is mentioned at the end by Cranly, how predominant religion is in Stephen’s life even after he says he no longer has faith (p185).
• If Stephen was to belong to a religion it was to the one he was brought up with from childhood (p188), he would never convert to another. It is not the religion itself that Stephen is against, it is the practice and stagnancy of it.
• Did Stephen’s faith diminish when he realised he did not want to join the order or was it some time before? Did he feel it was an absolute situation, where if he stayed in Ireland he had to believe, even though he was told by Cranly that there were others who were of similar mind (p189)?

Religion and politics

• There is both England’s interests and religion interfering with Ireland’s political voting, where some believe priests should guide their “flocks” and others insisting that they “go to the house of God […] to pray to our Maker and not hear election addresses”(p22/3).
• Ireland had been fighting for their country and freedom for as long as they could remember (p27).
• Religion had such importance for some people such as Dante in the novel, it was an integral part of their lives. But for others, such as Mr Dedalus, they believed that they had “had too much God in Ireland” (p28).
• Stephen’s university needed a revamp, with its “cobwebbed windows” symbolising the neglect of the country and a need to revive it (p137, 147).

Stephen

• Stephen is quite a dramatic boy (p16) and an excitable man (p184).
• Stephen is not ambitious (p48).
• Stephen is not particularly impulsive, everything he does and thinks is well thought out first (p52).
• Stephen does not know how to laugh at himself (p58).
• Stephen is the only real thinker of the boys at university, he is a rare find in society (p155).
• Stephen declares he is a product of his surroundings as “this race and this country and this life produced me. I shall express myself as I am” (p156).
• Stephen resolved every issue presented to him, he never left an endeavour unfinished, despite the fact that his mother says he has a “restless mind” (p192).

Stephen’s narcissism

• Stephen does not often think about anyone else around him and in the rare cases he does, he does not do so for very long. His musings are mostly of himself, where the reader sees just enough of other characters to know Stephen’s place in society.
  
  Therefore, Stephen would have made a terrible priest, especially when listening to others in confession, he is more of a lone ranger.

• Stephen can never see much beyond the world around him (p50).
• Stephen’s confession should not really be about anyone else, his focus should be on redeeming his soul, yet other people’s judgement is all he can think about (p110).
• It was a fleeting moment that Stephen realised he had been provided with all the things his brothers and sisters had never been able to have (p125).
• Stephen thinks of McCann telling him he is all “wrapped up in himself” (p136).

Family ties

• Stephen wanted to grow up to be a different type of rebel to his father (p18).
• Mr Dedalus always provided Stephen with everything he possibly could (p18), really looking out for his son’s well being (p54).
• Originally Stephen had sympathy for his father (p18), but eventually Mr Dedalus is only an embarrassment to him (p71).
• Typical festive conflict in the family (p23), eventually they go their separate ways though, which is only known from the lack of any further mention of the characters (perhaps due to the Dedalus family moving to Dublin).
• Is the "milkman job" the kind Stephen will eventually have, or at least his bothers? (p48).
• Stephen felt like he was being “enlisted for the fight” that belonged to his father (p49), but they were family ties he wanted no part of.
• Stephen now never wanted to be ‘at home’ (p49) and Christmas was no longer celebrated at his house with all the family (p50).
• The reader never hears anything more about the younger brother who is to go to school with Stephen (p54).
• Stephen’s younger brothers and sisters were almost more aware of the real world than he was, and they learnt it sooner too (p125/26). Poverty makes you sharper than comfort does.
• By the fifth and last chapter, the whole family is scared of Mr Dedalus (p134).
• Stephen originally had a good relationship with his father (p23), and as he grew older Mr Dedalus wanted to be friends with Stephen (p69). As time went by however, and Stephen became somewhat arrogant, Mr Dedalus turned to drinking and became extremely brutish due to his misfortunes, eventually holding a very limited amount of love for his son (p72, 135). Now knowing how circumstances were to turn out, can we consider the rebellion worth it?

Female figures

• All the women in Stephen’s family are trying to keep the peace: his mother at the Christmas dinner (p22) and his sister on Stephen’s way out to university (p135), Dante on the other hand, is always arguing her point (p24).
• There is female temptation everywhere, even when Stephen and his friends are just quietly going about their lives (p132, 141).

Romantic love

• You can see Stephen falling in love, he passes through the phase of girl troubles as everyone does (p52).
• Emma was pure (p88).
• Stephen’s ultimate dream appears to be him and Emma in heaven (p89).
• Stephen thought Emma was pure and good but now she is just a flirt (p166), everyone is destined to some sort of downfall going into adulthood.
• When Stephen realises Emma affections belong to another, he becomes slightly petty and jealous (p170, 181).
• He feared being laughed at by her family, but believed she would understand his poetical work and like it (p171).
• Stephen wants to believe in Emma’s innocence and that she would be good to him (p171).
• Stephen and Emma parted on good terms (p195).

Student life

• His boarding school experience had a calm and gentle atmosphere for the most part which is seen by how the prefect did the nightly rounds: “a voice bade the boys in the dormitory good night. […] The light was lowered quietly” (p12).
• What happens at school has a huge impact on children, the clearest example of this in the novel would be the confusion Stephen felt after being teased about kissing his mother (p8/9). The problem of whether it was right to kiss her goodnight or not plagued him for some time (p14), it was still an issue in the last chapter as Stephen talked to Cranly (p187).
• Everyone pulled together to gossip, at this age, school is your world (p29).
• When you are such a good student and well behaved, you often get away with more, something Stephen knew looking back on his days at Clongowes and Belvedere (p120).
• When Stephen is a university student he barely knows the time, and does not know which day of the week it is at all (p137).
• The dean was very encouraging towards Stephen’s studies, he told him “we never can say what is in us” when Stephen doubts his own talent to get to the top (p146).
• Everyone is aware that Stephen has a progressive mind, it is not something he tries to hide (p151). Maybe this is why Stephen was so well suited for university, building new theories is what you are there for, the better you are at it, the better a student you are considered.
• Between the classmates there seems to be a lot of confidence, they treat each other as you would expect a bunch of young boys off at university to do (p178).
• Between the classmates, each one has to keep defending himself against the other, this is so for intellectual ability, opinions, religion and politics (p178).

Stephen in relation to other characters

• There is a lot of clear class distinction, mainly pointed out when Stephen’s family still has economical means: at Clongowes the students were all magistrates’ sons (p18), and some only consumed certain more high quality foods and drinks (p7); at Belvedere and university though, Stephen’s lack of family fortune is outweighed by his intellectual capabilities and when he reaches the latter he finds much more diversity in student status. However, other characters’ physical stature, heritage and the like are usually mentioned, so for much of the time the reader knows what to feel by using Stephen as a point of reference.
• Finally Stephen is not the only character presented as passionate or heated, Cranly is also shown to get emotional (p154).
• Davin is the only one to directly question Stephen’s ways, pushing him to become more Irish (p156). Throughout his life, others reject Stephen’s selection of favourite thinkers and his parents show disappointment in his decision not to join the order (p126), but no one else tries to change his way of thinking bar the priests that try to bring him over to Christianity.
• Everybody Stephen meets in Ireland is similar, even though he moves from one place to another and goes to three different institutions. To be able to meet new types of people and really know the world, Stephen has to leave.
• Most people have a simple mind, however within those that do, there are a few who are able to deeply appreciate those who are more complex (p155, 178).
• Stephen says to a friend “I know you are poor” (p157), at this point in life money does not matter in friendship.

The importance of history

• There is a strong sense of history in relation to country and family ties (p46).
• The family portraits, after the Dedalus’ move to Dublin, were not hanging proudly on the wall (p49) like they were in their original house (p27).
• In the end, Stephen went back to where he had come from (p125).
• Stephen philosophises on complex matters using classical philosophers as his base of knowledge (p160).
• Only the past is set in stone (p193).

Rebellion

• Eventually the fight left in Stephen’s father crumbled (p49).
• "The change of fortune which was reshaping the world about [Stephen] into a vision of squalor and insincerity” is what rebellion does to your life (p50); and your son feeling no pity for you whilst you remember dead friends, sigh and drink are the consequences (66).
• His father and friends were talented but their thoughts and politics ruined their lives (p69).
• Davin said “they died for their ideals” (p157) but it would seem that most did at this time.
• Stephen is going to fight the repression inflicted on him: “when the soul of a man is born in this country there are nets flung at it to hold it back from flight. […] I shall try to fly by those nets” (p157).

The future

• A sign of changing times and less tight knit communities is seen when Mr Dedalus says “I think there were more strangers down than last Christmas” (p23).
• The world is ever changing and you have to keep up with it, witnessed by Stephen’s ever changing family situations which filter out into the rest of his life (p48).
• Everyone seems to be thinking about work and making money, and Stephen is wrapped up in philosophy and adventure (p160, 167).

Singing and poetry throughout the text

• There are lyrics and poems dotted about the text from the first page, they show that Stephen was always on an artistic path.
• The intermittency between poems and popular songs vs. prayers and religious singing, mirrors Stephen’s state of mind towards life.
• Poems are for class and personal life; prayers are for church and bedtime; and singing can be for all areas of life.

Questions raised

• Can you be a good artist if you do not answer the question: what is ‘the beautiful’? (p143).
• Why did Stephen want to discuss with Cranly the dilemma of making his “easter duty”, if he had already made up his mind? (p184).
• Are any of the students honestly happy? Stephen feels he must leave; Lynch scorns at the unfairness of the world (p163); Temple is afflicted by Faith (p182); Cranly suffers being the “child of exhausted loins” (p192); and in unison, Stephen’s fellow students cried out “catcalls and hisses” in the nation theatre (p174).
• At least in public Mr Dedalus is formal towards his son, but what else could be just appearances? (p194).
• Are there only relevant points from the overall picture of Stephen’s life included in the novel or is this an accurate portrait of his life? Does the reader know of any details that did not directly influence the ending and could have momentarily allowed for a different fate? In this depiction of Stephen’s life, the novel gives the impression that artistry is all there could ever be for him.

Stephen growing up

Clongowes

• The novel opening with the fantasy of childhood “once upon a time” (p3) helps to show age progression throughout the novel.
• Stephen thought older people must know all the answers (p9), which is something he later acted on as though it were true, as he always sought an answer to give to people.
• He repeats childishly unfair situations (p9).
• Stephen is a bit of a weak child (p9).
• Even about an innocent type of kiss, Stephen always showed curiosity for everything, this is just the relevant question at this particular time (p9).
• Stephen says at “one time it would come because the earth moved round always” (p9), which is logical of him to think waiting for Christmas but is not very comforting.
• Stephen wonders about the big questions (p10).
• Stephen thinks that the base of his upbringing is ‘the right way’ which is only natural. He uses his personal experience as the starting point from which to make everything make sense (p10).
• Stephen had high ambitions even when he was small to be like the fellows in poetry, even if he did not quite mean it in the specialised sense of being a poet, but just having a general manner about his understanding of life (p11).
• Being a man “was very far away” (p11).
• Stephen was a sensible and religious young boy, he said “only prayers in the chapel and then bed” (p11).
• He led a very comfortable life for the times: once he got all hot under the covers in bed then he could sleep (p11).
• He still believes in ghost stories (p12).
• Wells had made him ill but Stephen took his father’s advice and did not tell on him (p14).
• When told what to do Stephen carried it out but the kiss problem had him puzzled (p14).
• The students were taught how to spell but not necessarily the meaning of the words (p14).
• Stephen learns early on that the world will continue on without him (p17) which may be why he does not mind pursuing life outside of Ireland alone, as he knows everyone will go about their business all the same.
• First signs of Stephen’s adulthood (p21).
• There is not as much religion left in Ireland as before (p23).
• People fade in and out of your life.
• Stephen had waited a long time to be a part of the adults’ Christmas dinner, was he perhaps disappointed by the experience? (p25).
• Stephen is no stranger to rebel company (p27).
• Stephen thought priests were actually pure, before finding out about corruption (p35).
• Father Arnall trying to undo the injustice of the system (p38).
• Stephen is starting to see religion for what it is (p39).
• Stephen doubts himself but reasons the possible flaws Father Dolan said he could see in Stephen’s face (p39).
• Stephen compares himself to great men (p40).
• Stephen could understand the whole problem when contemplating going to the rector about the unfair punishment he had received from Father Dolan (p40/1).
• Stephen knows how to get out of trouble (p41).
• Classmates influence decisions (p41).
• Stephen’s first big victory was his own doing, not dependent on any other student except for their encouragement (p44).
• Stephen is avidly learning for his future, imitating older generations (p46). But there is still so much for him to learn (p47).
• Stephen is living out myths and always wanting adventure (p47).
• His adventures in the park are the pursuits of people who have the free time to do so. Once you have responsibilities again, there is no time for escapades, it has to be one or the other (p48). And at this age, Stephen still appears to require company to go on them.
• Growing up, Stephen thought his home would always be the same (p48).
• Stephen’s believes his soul will find him (p48).
• Stephen is always addressing bigger issues and playing bigger games than the other children of his age (p48).
• Stephen is always a leader: grades in class (p38); with his adventure friends (p47); and in his school (p57).

Dublin

• And suddenly, just like that, Stephen’s whole world changed (for the worse) (p49).
• He had no sense of home after the move to Dublin and there was no warmth left in the family atmosphere (p49).
• The reader partially forgets that as Stephen grows older so does everyone else (p49), the transition is not seen very often as no one stays in his life long enough.
• Does Stephen ever know what he is looking for? (p50). He has a clear idea at the end but they are still just notions, not definitions: “to discover the mode of life or of art whereby your spirit could express itself in unfettered freedom” (p190).
• Stephen’s first real and solo adventure (p50).
• Stephen wants Mediterranean climates (p50).
• Stephen was loosing his innocence (p51).
• Stephen is learning to be alone which will be good for his solitary journey (p51).
• Stephen’s poetic voice is not betraying him anymore, it is starting to develop a universal perspective (p53).
• At one point, Stephen had wished he could see his face in a mirror after the priest had said that there was scheming in it (p39), now he “gazed at his face for a long time in the mirror of [his mother’s] dressing-table” (p53).
• His father was laughing at the punishment Stephen had received (p54), before Stephen had been baffled at how the other boys at Clongowes could laugh at their fellows for being punished (p33).
• The other students poke fun at things and people but Stephen just finds everything “strange” (p57).
• Now there is a different reaction in Stephen at the mention of his father (p57).
• People discovering Stephen’s loss of innocence (p58).
• It took Stephen a long time to adjust to Dublin (p59).
• The main part of his life was dedicated to writing essays (p59).
• Stephen now has a degenerate mind as well as a home (p59).
• It is hard to please the masses, as Stephen finds out with his classmates (p60).
• Each student has their own opinions, and knows what their favourite of anything is (p61).
• According to Stephen, he was different to the other students (p48), so he was not in the position to have the type of back up Heron had with students flanking his sides for a fight (p60, 62).
• Stephen realises that books are just stories and are make believe (p62).
• Stephen is not an inbred when it comes to wanting ‘honours’ (p63). He remains true to the first time he said he was not proud (p44).
• Everyone urges Stephen to be ‘good’ but according to their particular version of the concept (p63).
• There are conflicting voices and Stephen would rather do his own thing (p63).
• Circumstances are different with an audience, as seen when Stephen loathed the play in rehearsals but felt it took on a life of its own the night he performed it (p64).
• Stephen always wants more, more adventure usually (p65).
• Stephen is never pleased or grateful (p65).
• Stephen feels no connection to his father’s politics (p66).
• A summary of how Stephen is feeling: “He recalled his own equivocal position in Belvedere, a free boy, a leader afraid of his own authority, proud and sensitive and suspicious, battling against the squalor of his life and against the riot of his mind [with] his bodily weakness and futile enthusiasms” (p69).
• Age is only a number (p72): Stephen was old before his time whereas his father and friend felt young, actual age does not matter (p73).
• Stephen always thought things through but when he took out his money from the bank, he squandered it (p73).
• Why did Stephen not make a business out of the loan bank he started, instead of wasting it away? (p74).
• Everything changed very quickly for Stephen, again (p74).
• Stephen sees the flaws of the shady neighbourhood he goes to (p78).
• Stephen was no longer a goody two-shoes (p79) and therefore no longer the perfect Catholic student.
• Stephen is beginning to understand how the commandments work (p81).
• Stephen knows how low he has sunk (p85).
• Stephen listens to the rector dictate how easy it is to fall from grace (p102).
• Stephen asks himself incredulously “had [he] done those things?” (p105).
• Stephen “wept for the innocence he had lost” (p106) but everyone ceases to be a child at some point (p109).
• Stephen strode with purpose through the streets on his way to the church because he did not want it to seem as though he were holding back from confessing but God can see inside him and would know his true determination regardless (p107).
• Stephen feels he is worthless, and then at the bottom of the same page, he is trying to be worth as much as underprivileged followers (p108).
• Stephen wants to be at one with others as much in this world as the next, although he shuns company a lot of the time, he still wants to be a part of the whole (p109).
• Stephen does not even know the extent of his sins since he cannot say if the women he went with were married or not (p110).
• Stephen says that until the moment after confession “he had not known how beautiful and peaceful life could be” (p112), but why is this, had he not been good and pure as a child?
• Stephen goes on to enjoy the simple pleasures of life after confessing, almost being reborn as he says “the past was past” (p112).
• Stephen took all the joy out of his life when looking to continue his repentance and not fall back into sinful ways, so this situation was almost certain not to last (p115).
• Stephen could tell he was pure again but the temptations of the devil are ongoing (p117).
• Christianity is too simple a philosophical life for Stephen, this is why he could follow religion as a child but not continue as he got older (p120).
• Although he knew he was supposed to perceive something from recalled memories, he could not grasp what it was (p120).
• Stephen dedicated himself so completely to religion that he even fooled the priests (p121).
• Becoming a priest is more of a desire than a calling for Stephen (p121).
• Although joining the order was not Stephen’s calling, it took him closer to where he was supposed to be (p123).
• At some point Stephen knew he would sin again (p124).
• Stephen had started laughing again (p125).

University College, Dublin

• Neither of Stephen’s parents wanted him to go to university, they wanted him to serve a religious purpose (p126).
• Stephen’s calling was still not clear to him (p127).
• Stephen can point out not only nonsense in art but also poor quality (p138).
• When his friend calls him “Stevie”, he is touched by the informality of it. Perhaps there is too much conventionalism in the world? (p139).
• Stephen has no respect for his father’s ways (p142).
• Later on the priest shows Stephen the art of lighting a fire (p142) which his father cannot do (p49).
• When the priest asked Stephen “when may we expect to have something from you on the esthetic question?” (p144) he then dedicated his time to constructing a theory.
• There is inequality in the world when it comes to class and privilege which Lynch scorned at (p163), but Stephen had already ceased complaining about this “unfairness” when he was at Clongowes.
• Towards the end, the reader sees how Stephen now has dinner alone, exempt of family and classmates (p168).
• Stephen talks of the birds “ever coming and going […] ever leaving the homes they had built to wander” (p174), which reflects him constantly setting up somewhere new: new friends, new ideas to conquer, then moving on.
• Stephen’s general health and living conditions were of a poor boy (p180).
• Stephen does not actually have to leave Ireland, rather he chooses to (p189).
• Stephen smiles at “Cranly’s way of remembering thoughts in connexion with places” (p190), it shows Cranly has a more graphic mind than Stephen.
• Stephen is still tied to religion (p190).
• Stephen is no longer afraid to sin (p191).
• Stephen says he would be alright alone, however, he would find himself without anyone to relate his theories to and talk his problems over with. Is the fact that he has never found it difficult to make friends perhaps why he is not worried? (p191).
• There is still a lot of religion mentioned by Stephen, even when he thinks he has given it up (p192).
• Stephen got half of what he asked for, but he still got something (p192), in this case threepence from his mother.
• Stephen is now dreaming about strange figures who want answers but he appears to give none (p193).
• Mrs Dedalus is still praying for her son, hoping he will become a better person (p195).
• Stephen’s final words in the novel, although not directly to God, are a prayer (p196).

Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1992.